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Dum Diversas
''Dum Diversas'' ('Until different' ) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V. It authorized Afonso V of Portugal to conquer Saracens and pagans and consign them to "perpetual servitude".〔("Dum Diversas (English Translation)" ), ''Unam Sanctam Catholicam'', February 27, 2011. Retrieved on 20 July 2013.〕〔Davenport, Frances Gardiner, and Paullin, Charles Oscar. 1917. ''European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1684''. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 12. A large excerpt of the bull, in Latin, can be found in Davenport, p. 17, Doc. 1, note 37.〕 Pope Calixtus III reiterated the bull in 1456 with ''Inter Caetera'' (not to be confused with Alexander VI's), renewed by Pope Sixtus IV in 1481 and Pope Leo X in 1514 with ''Precelse denotionis''. The concept of the consignment of exclusive spheres of influence to certain nation states was extended to the Americas in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI with ''Inter caetera''.〔Hayes, Diana. 1998. "Reflections on Slavery." in Curran, Charles E. ''Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching''.〕〔〔Hart, Jonathan Locke. 2003. ''Comparing Empires: European colonialism from Portuguese expansion to the Spanish-American War''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6188-3. p. 18.〕〔Bourne, Edward Gaylord. 1903. ''The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803''. The A.H. Clark company. p. 136.〕
==Background==
By the summer of 1452 Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II had completed the Rumelihisarı fortress on the western or European side of the Bosphorus. Located several miles north of Constantinople, it commanded the narrowest part of the Bosporus. Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI wrote to Pope Nicholas for help. Issued less that a year before the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the bull may have been intended to begin another crusade against the Ottoman Empire.〔 Nicholas V's nephew, Loukas Notaras, was Megas Doux of the Byzantine Empire.〔Eaglestone, C.R. 1878. ''The siege of Constantinople, 1453''. p. 7.〕 It was not until Alfonso V of Portugal responded to a Papal call for aid against the Turks, that Pope Nicholas V agreed to support the Portuguese claims regarding territory in Africa.〔(Ehler, Sidney Z. and Morrall, John B., ''Church and State Through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries'', Biblo & Tannen, 1967, ISBN 9780819601896 )〕 Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city states in the north of Italy, Pope Nicholas did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western Kings and Princes. France and England were both weakened by the Hundred Years' War, and Spain was still engaged in conflict with Islamic strongholds in Iberia. Any Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength.
In mid-fifteenth century Portugal, the ideals of chivalric honor and crusading were seen as the path for ambition and success. During the reign of Afonso V, the Portuguese nobility enjoyed great influence and prestige, and for several decades the house of Bragança was the wealthiest and most influential force in the kingdom. In 1415 the wisdom and justice of an attack on Morocco had to be seriously weighed, but during the reign of Afonso V and for the century following, "such enterprises were accepted as self-justifying crusades for religion, chivalry, and honor."〔(Payne, Samuel G., ''A History of Spain and Portugal'', Vol.1, Chapt. 10, p.6 )〕
The raids and attacks of the Reconquista created captives on both sides, who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this to North Africa. After the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of it as a crusade. Similarly, after the 1441 attack on Mauretania, the crown again sought after the fact, papal acknowledgement that this was part of a just conflict. Such a determination would then indicate that those captured could legitimately be sold as slaves.〔(Metcalf, Alida c., ''Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600'', p. 168, University of Texas Press, 2005, ISBN 9780292712768 )〕
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